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Harvard ADS: Supermassive Primordial Black Holes for Nano-Hertz Gravitational Waves and High-redshift JWST Galaxies

Paper abstract: Recently, observational hints for supermassive black holes have been accumulating, prompting the question: Can primordial black holes (PBHs) be supermassive, particularly with masses M ? 10⁹ M _?? A supercritical bubble, containing an inflating baby universe, that nucleated during inflation can evolve into a PBH in our observable universe. We find that when the inflaton slowly transitions past a neighboring vacuum, the nucleation rate of supercritical bubbles inevitably peaks, leading to a mass distribution of multiverse PBHs with a peak mass up to M ? 10¹¹ M _?. Thus, our mechanism naturally provides a primordial origin for supermassive black holes.